Delineation of soil temperature regimes from HCMM data

Evaluation of LANDSAT and Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) data as input into National Cooperative Soil Survey is discussed. Signature classification techniques were applied to 13 May 76 LANDSAT data. LANDSAT data was overlaid with HCMM data, revealing registration problems caused by a shortage of control points in LANDSAT data, and the WARP program developed to improve registration accuracy. Initial images for control point selection were produced using digital terrain elevation data. Statistical procedures for evaluating data classification and to describe spatial distribution of surface temperature and its correlation with soil surface conditions were investigated

Soil temperature investigations using satellite acquired thermal-infrared data in semi-arid regions

Thermal-infrared data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission satellite were used to map the spatial distribution of diurnal surface temperatures and to estimate mean annual soil temperatures (MAST) and annual surface temperature amplitudes (AMP) in semi-arid east central Utah. Diurnal data with minimal snow and cloud cover were selected for five dates throughout a yearly period and geometrically co-registered. Rubber-sheet stretching was aided by the WARP program which allowed preview of image transformations. Daytime maximum and nighttime minimum temperatures were averaged to generation average daily temperature (ADT) data set for each of the five dates. Five ADT values for each pixel were used to fit a sine curve describing the theoretical annual surface temperature response as defined by a solution of a one-dimensinal heat flow equation. Linearization of the equation produced estimates of MAST and AMP plus associated confidence statistics. MAST values were grouped into classes and displayed on a color video screen. Diurnal surface temperatures and MAST were primarily correlated with elevation

Delineation of soil temperature regimes from HCMM data

The subsetting of HCMM data into ORSER format was completed for four dates using a modified SUBSET program. Large areas (approximately 2500 scan lines, 1680 elements) were selected to increase the occurrence of suitable control points for registration. Average daily temperatures (ADT) were calculated for each date. The MERGE program combined registered daytime temperature (DAY-IR) with nighttime temperature (NIGHT-IR) to form a separate two-channel data set. The SUBTRAN program averaged the DAY-IR and NIGHT-IR creating a third ADT channel. Registration equations for the four ADT data sets were generated. A one dimensional soil heat flow equation was modified to allow for mean annual soil temperature predictions using merged ADT data sets

Delineation of soil temperature regimes from HCMM data

Supplementary data including photographs as well as topographic, geologic, and soil maps were obtained and evaluated for ground truth purposes and control point selection. A study area (approximately 450 by 450 pixels) was subset from LANDSAT scene No. 2477-17142. Geometric corrections and scaling were performed. Initial enhancement techniques were initiated to aid control point selection and soils interpretation. The SUBSET program was modified to read HCMM tapes and HCMM data were reformated so that they are compatible with the ORSER system. Initial NMAP products of geometrically corrected and scaled raw data tapes (unregistered) of the study were produced

Switching and Extension of a [c2]Daisy-Chain Dimer Polymer

We report the synthesis of a [c2]daisy-chain dimer via ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing olefin metathesis. Confirmation of the interlocked nature of the structure was achieved through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The dimer could be readily switched from the bound to the unbound conformation by treatment with 3.0 equiv of KOH and subsequently reprotonated by treatment with 3.0 equiv of HPF_6. Azide functionalization of the dimer enabled incorporation in linear step-growth polymer chains using the alkyne-azide “click” reaction. Gel permeation chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering analysis showed the polymers contained 22 dimers and had a radius of gyration of 14.8 nm. Acylation of the amines of the dimers sterically forced elongation of the interlocked units, and MALLS analysis of the polymer showed a 48% increase in the R_g (21.4 nm)

Pressure-driven flow of solid helium

The recent torsional oscillator results of Kim and Chan suggest a supersolid phase transition in solid 4He. We have used a piezoelectrically driven diaphragm to study the flow of solid helium through an array of capillaries. Our measurements showed no indication of low temperature flow, placing stringent restrictions on supersolid flow in response to a pressure difference. The average flow speed at low temperatures was less than 1.2x10-14 m/s, corresponding to a supersolid velocity at least 7 orders of magnitude smaller than the critical velocities inferred from the torsional oscillator measurements.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure